低能核反应(LENR)的一种解释 — 张武寿译
2018-01-07 12:02:37 来源：冷聚变世界 评论：0 点击：
本文译自E Storms: “An Explanation of Low-energy Nuclear Reactions (Cold Fusion)”, J Condensed Matter Nucl Sci 9 (2012) 86–107。文章由中科院化学所研究员张武寿老师翻译，是一篇了解冷聚变不可多得的文章。感谢张武寿老师提供资料！
3(4): 90-101.
[135] Sinha, K.P. and A. Meulenberg, Lochon-mediated low-energy nuclear reactions. J. Cond. Matter Nucl. Sci., 2012. 6: 55-63.
[136] Kim, Y.E. and T.E. Ward, Bose–Einstein condensation nuclear fusion: Role of monopole transition. J. Cond. Matter Nucl. Sci., 2012. 6: 101-107.
[137] Chubb, S.R., Resonant electromagnetic interaction in low-energy nuclear reactions, in ACS Symposium Series 998, Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook, J. Marwan and S.B. Krivit, Editors. 2008, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. p. 99.
[138] Storms, E.K., A study of those properties of palladium that influence excess energy production by the Pons-Fleischmann effect. Infinite Energy, 1996. 2(8): 50.
[139] Bockris, J.O.M., D. Hodko, and Z. Minevski, Fugacity of hydrogen isotopes in metals: degradation, cracking and cold fusion. Proc. Electrochem. Soc, 1992. 1992: 92.
[140] Kopecek, R. and J. Dash, Excess heat and unexpected elements from electrolysis of heavy water with titanium cathodes. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): 46.
[141] Klopfenstein, M.F. and J. Dash. Thermal imaging during electrolysis of heavy water with a Ti cathode. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO Inc. p. 98.
[142] Dash, J. and Q. Wang. Anomalous Silver on the Cathode Surface after Aqueous Electrolysis. in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA, Italy. pp. 38-41.
[143] Bashkirov,Y.A., et al., Observation of neutron emission from electrolysis of heavy water. Pis’ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1990. 16(19): 51 (in Russian).
[144] Lipson, A.G., et al., Reproducible neutron emission by the combined effect of cavitation and electrolysis at the surface of a titanium cathode in electrolyte based on heavy water. Pis’ma Zh. Teor. Fiz., 1991. 17(21): 33 (in Russian).
[145] Izumida, T., et al., A search for neutron emission from cold nuclear fusion in a titanium-deuterium system. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: 641.
[146] He, J.Y., et al. Experimental study on anomalous neutron production in deuterium/solid system. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, “AIP Conference Proceedings 228”. 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York. p. 193.
[147] Bruschi, L., et al., Search for neutron emission from a deuterium-titanium system. Europhys. Lett., 1989. 10(4): 303.
[148] Mizuno, T., et al. Anomalous heat evolution from SrCeO3-type proton conductors during absorption/desorption in alternate electric field. in 4th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304. p. 14.
[149] Biberian, J.-P., et al. Electrolysis of LaAlO3 single crystals and ceramics in a deuterated atmosphere. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT. p. 27.
[150] Oriani, R.A., An investigation of anomalous thermal power generation from a proton-conducting oxide. Fusion Technol., 1996. 30: 281.
[151] Patterson, J.A., Method for electrolysis of water to form metal hydride. 1994: US Patent # 5,318,675.
[152] Miley, G.H., et al. Quantitative observations of transmutation products occuring in thin-.lm coated microspheres during electrolysis. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. LakeToya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan. p. 629.
[153] Celani, F., et al., Development of a high temperature hybrid CMNS reactor. J. Cond. Matter Nucl. Sci., 2012. 6: 24-33.
[154] Stringham, R., When bubble cavitation becomes sonofusion. J. Cond. Matter Nucl. Sci., 2012. 6: 1-12.
[155] Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and J.J. Smith, On the behavior of Pd deposited in the presence of evolving deuterium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 302: 255.
[156] Gozzi, D., et al., Erratum to “X-ray, heat excess and 4He in the D/Pd system”. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1998. 452: 251-271.
[157] Karabut, A. Research into powerful solid X-ray laser (wave length is 0.8-1.2 nm) with excitation of high current glow discharge ions. in 11th International Conf. on Emerging Nuclear Energy Syst. 2002. Albuquerque, NM. p. 374.
[158] Karabut, A.B., E.A. Karabut, and P.I. Hagelstein, Spectral and Temporal Characteristics of X-ray Emission from Metal Electrodes in a High-current Glow Discharge. J. Cond. Matter Nucl. Sci., 2012. 6: 217-240.
[159] Khajavikhan, M. and Y. Fainman, Thresholdless Nanoscale Coaxial Lasers. Nature, 2012.
[160] Iwamura, Y., M. Sakano, and T. Itoh, Elemental analysis of Pd complexes: effects of D2 gas permeation. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 2002. 41(7): 4642-4650.
[161] Miley, G.H. and J.A. Patterson, Nuclear transmutations in thin-film nickel coatings undergoing electrolysis. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): 5.
[162] Biberian, J.-P., Biological Transmutations: Historical Perspective. J. Cond. Matter Nucl. Sci., 2012. 7: 11-15.
译者后记
在冷聚变研究领域，Storms是一位很重要的总结者，他写的综述文章深入浅出，既包含了最新的进展和思考，也容易为入门者所理解，所以他的观点有很大影响。译者在1998年翻译过他的综述《再看冷聚变》，近日在查阅文献时发现这篇综述，反复阅读，觉得值得翻译，适值长假得以完工。
Storms在《再看冷聚变》中就已提出“核活性区”的概念，后来进一步把它拓展为“核活性环境”。虽然具体名称可能还会变化，但这些年确实有越得越多的证据表明冷聚变发生在近表面层的局域空间内，除了本文中提到的实验证据外，冷聚变领域中现在仍然存活（指有人坚持）或新提出的很多理论都与这个概念有或远或近的联系，如金英一的BEC、George Miley的H/D团簇、Edward Lewis的Plasmoids等等。当然，作者的很多说法还可进一步讨论。作为一个研究领域的冷聚变是高度开放的，作者的讨论正是这种探索的可贵努力之一。
一般而言，大多数冷聚变实验工作者们关注于自己感兴趣系统的深入探索，理论工作者们关注于支持自己模型的实验结果，虽然也有其他圈内人写过各式综述或书籍，但很少有像Storms这样从唯象角度对冷聚变实验结果给与梳理，并对理论探索进行甄别的文章。译者以为这对实验和理论的开展都有重要意义。
与译文相比，原文更生动有趣得多。如2.4节最后一段地开头为“No single observation provides a smoking gun.”其中的smoking gun直译为“冒烟的枪”，为不引起误解，只能意译为“确切的证据”，这类处理令译文减色不少。其它如说到NAE或理论探索时原文常用“identify”，这个词常用意思为“识别”，用于此处指通过识别而确定，但为行文顺畅，只好翻译为“确定”，有点以辞害义式的省事。正如所有的译文一样，翻译的最大问题是寻找合适的汉语表达方式，使译文既符合汉语习惯，又不至于损害作者的原意，对此译者只能尽力而为。当然，因自己水平有限，虽经反复校阅，问题肯定仍很多，祈望读者能不吝批评指正。
[135] Sinha, K.P. and A. Meulenberg, Lochon-mediated low-energy nuclear reactions. J. Cond. Matter Nucl. Sci., 2012. 6: 55-63.
[136] Kim, Y.E. and T.E. Ward, Bose–Einstein condensation nuclear fusion: Role of monopole transition. J. Cond. Matter Nucl. Sci., 2012. 6: 101-107.
[137] Chubb, S.R., Resonant electromagnetic interaction in low-energy nuclear reactions, in ACS Symposium Series 998, Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook, J. Marwan and S.B. Krivit, Editors. 2008, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. p. 99.
[138] Storms, E.K., A study of those properties of palladium that influence excess energy production by the Pons-Fleischmann effect. Infinite Energy, 1996. 2(8): 50.
[139] Bockris, J.O.M., D. Hodko, and Z. Minevski, Fugacity of hydrogen isotopes in metals: degradation, cracking and cold fusion. Proc. Electrochem. Soc, 1992. 1992: 92.
[140] Kopecek, R. and J. Dash, Excess heat and unexpected elements from electrolysis of heavy water with titanium cathodes. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): 46.
[141] Klopfenstein, M.F. and J. Dash. Thermal imaging during electrolysis of heavy water with a Ti cathode. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO Inc. p. 98.
[142] Dash, J. and Q. Wang. Anomalous Silver on the Cathode Surface after Aqueous Electrolysis. in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA, Italy. pp. 38-41.
[143] Bashkirov,Y.A., et al., Observation of neutron emission from electrolysis of heavy water. Pis’ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1990. 16(19): 51 (in Russian).
[144] Lipson, A.G., et al., Reproducible neutron emission by the combined effect of cavitation and electrolysis at the surface of a titanium cathode in electrolyte based on heavy water. Pis’ma Zh. Teor. Fiz., 1991. 17(21): 33 (in Russian).
[145] Izumida, T., et al., A search for neutron emission from cold nuclear fusion in a titanium-deuterium system. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: 641.
[146] He, J.Y., et al. Experimental study on anomalous neutron production in deuterium/solid system. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, “AIP Conference Proceedings 228”. 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York. p. 193.
[147] Bruschi, L., et al., Search for neutron emission from a deuterium-titanium system. Europhys. Lett., 1989. 10(4): 303.
[148] Mizuno, T., et al. Anomalous heat evolution from SrCeO3-type proton conductors during absorption/desorption in alternate electric field. in 4th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1993. Lahaina, Maui: Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304. p. 14.
[149] Biberian, J.-P., et al. Electrolysis of LaAlO3 single crystals and ceramics in a deuterated atmosphere. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT. p. 27.
[150] Oriani, R.A., An investigation of anomalous thermal power generation from a proton-conducting oxide. Fusion Technol., 1996. 30: 281.
[151] Patterson, J.A., Method for electrolysis of water to form metal hydride. 1994: US Patent # 5,318,675.
[152] Miley, G.H., et al. Quantitative observations of transmutation products occuring in thin-.lm coated microspheres during electrolysis. in Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. LakeToya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan. p. 629.
[153] Celani, F., et al., Development of a high temperature hybrid CMNS reactor. J. Cond. Matter Nucl. Sci., 2012. 6: 24-33.
[154] Stringham, R., When bubble cavitation becomes sonofusion. J. Cond. Matter Nucl. Sci., 2012. 6: 1-12.
[155] Szpak, S., P.A. Mosier-Boss, and J.J. Smith, On the behavior of Pd deposited in the presence of evolving deuterium. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991. 302: 255.
[156] Gozzi, D., et al., Erratum to “X-ray, heat excess and 4He in the D/Pd system”. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1998. 452: 251-271.
[157] Karabut, A. Research into powerful solid X-ray laser (wave length is 0.8-1.2 nm) with excitation of high current glow discharge ions. in 11th International Conf. on Emerging Nuclear Energy Syst. 2002. Albuquerque, NM. p. 374.
[158] Karabut, A.B., E.A. Karabut, and P.I. Hagelstein, Spectral and Temporal Characteristics of X-ray Emission from Metal Electrodes in a High-current Glow Discharge. J. Cond. Matter Nucl. Sci., 2012. 6: 217-240.
[159] Khajavikhan, M. and Y. Fainman, Thresholdless Nanoscale Coaxial Lasers. Nature, 2012.
[160] Iwamura, Y., M. Sakano, and T. Itoh, Elemental analysis of Pd complexes: effects of D2 gas permeation. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. A, 2002. 41(7): 4642-4650.
[161] Miley, G.H. and J.A. Patterson, Nuclear transmutations in thin-film nickel coatings undergoing electrolysis. J. New Energy, 1996. 1(3): 5.
[162] Biberian, J.-P., Biological Transmutations: Historical Perspective. J. Cond. Matter Nucl. Sci., 2012. 7: 11-15.
译者后记
在冷聚变研究领域，Storms是一位很重要的总结者，他写的综述文章深入浅出，既包含了最新的进展和思考，也容易为入门者所理解，所以他的观点有很大影响。译者在1998年翻译过他的综述《再看冷聚变》，近日在查阅文献时发现这篇综述，反复阅读，觉得值得翻译，适值长假得以完工。
Storms在《再看冷聚变》中就已提出“核活性区”的概念，后来进一步把它拓展为“核活性环境”。虽然具体名称可能还会变化，但这些年确实有越得越多的证据表明冷聚变发生在近表面层的局域空间内，除了本文中提到的实验证据外，冷聚变领域中现在仍然存活（指有人坚持）或新提出的很多理论都与这个概念有或远或近的联系，如金英一的BEC、George Miley的H/D团簇、Edward Lewis的Plasmoids等等。当然，作者的很多说法还可进一步讨论。作为一个研究领域的冷聚变是高度开放的，作者的讨论正是这种探索的可贵努力之一。
一般而言，大多数冷聚变实验工作者们关注于自己感兴趣系统的深入探索，理论工作者们关注于支持自己模型的实验结果，虽然也有其他圈内人写过各式综述或书籍，但很少有像Storms这样从唯象角度对冷聚变实验结果给与梳理，并对理论探索进行甄别的文章。译者以为这对实验和理论的开展都有重要意义。
与译文相比，原文更生动有趣得多。如2.4节最后一段地开头为“No single observation provides a smoking gun.”其中的smoking gun直译为“冒烟的枪”，为不引起误解，只能意译为“确切的证据”，这类处理令译文减色不少。其它如说到NAE或理论探索时原文常用“identify”，这个词常用意思为“识别”，用于此处指通过识别而确定，但为行文顺畅，只好翻译为“确定”，有点以辞害义式的省事。正如所有的译文一样，翻译的最大问题是寻找合适的汉语表达方式，使译文既符合汉语习惯，又不至于损害作者的原意，对此译者只能尽力而为。当然，因自己水平有限，虽经反复校阅，问题肯定仍很多，祈望读者能不吝批评指正。
* 本文译自E. Storms: “An Explanation of Low-energy Nuclear Reactions (Cold Fusion)”, J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci. 9 (2012) 86–107。如有疑问请参阅原文（www.iscmns.org/CMNS/JCMNS-Vol12.pdf）或与作者联系，其地址为KivaLabs. Santa Fe, NM 87501-6319, USA; E-mail: storms2@ix.netcom.com。
[2] 传统化学利用关系式k = A e–E/RT描述反应过程。如果把k与核反应产生的功率相关联，该关系也可用于LENR，T是NAE中的温度，E是形成NAE或H+ (D+)进入NAE的活化能。这相当于假设在核反应之前所有过程都存在势垒。如果好几种核反应同时出现，每种都可用相同形式的方程独立描述，但活化能不同。例如，对于局域条件，当出现氦而检测不到氚时部分原因可能在于后者所需活化能更高，因此产率更低。
[3] 当然，如上所述，断绝燃料可以控制整个功率。
[4] 在PdD的fcc晶格中不能超过D/Pd = 1。组分超过该极限说明形成一种晶格结构（新相），该相可聚集更多的D[16]，类似于在Zr–H2系统中形成ZrH后再形成ZrH2。
[5] 这种说法有问题。在LUNA小组的结果中，PdD内的D + D聚变屏蔽能高达670 ± 50 eV，如用传统的热聚变理论结合固体物理即可导出PdD中的核反应率比F-P型的还高10个量级，但实际上并未发生，这也是该类结果与传统核反应理论的矛盾之处，不可忽略。——译者注。
[6] 顺便提一下，这两种寻求解释的不同方法揭示了科学的不同分支在如何看待自然上的基本区别。经过物理学训练的人关注机理而有经验的化学家倾向于关注环境和条件（译者深有同感——译者注）。LENR现象要求这两个科学领域的联姻，但这尚未发生。因为基于目前接受的“理论”无法想象其中的机理，所以很多人拒绝接受观测结果。只有在放弃传统机理并且新的机理应用于合适的材料以后才会出现成功的解释。
[7] 作为材料的典型行为，如果每个钯原子得到的能量大于0.17 eV那么钯就会熔化。这个局域能量不足以引起核反应。任何Pd晶格内的能量聚集将会停止在这个数值，因为达到该值后熔化开始。因此，设想的能量聚集过程中的能量会让材料吸收，而所在区域也会遭到破坏。
[8] 吉布斯能定义为焓变减去熵变乘以绝对温度：DG = DH - DT/S。通过测量反应放出或吸收的热量可得到焓变。
[9] 断裂聚变过程是一个例外。在这种情况下，破裂导致原子在空间内迅离分离并产生高电压差，高压可离化并加速氘到足够能量以致发生热聚变。这种事件常以检测到猝发中子而表现出来。
[10] 这样一种异常的能量分布与众所周知的波尔兹曼分布以及热力学第二定律相矛盾。
[11] 具有该能量的电子在钯中行程很短，因为电子会通过产生X射线向周围环境释放能量而失去自己的能量[71]。这意味着不可思议的能量转换必须以不可能的速度迅速发生，且必须在获得该能量后在远小于微米区域内发现质子，且不产生实验上未观测到的X射线。
[12] 如Widom-Larsen理论。——译者注
[13] 如Violante小组的理论。——译者注
[14] 如Rabinowitz的理论。——译者注
[15] 此句前原有：“例如，没有一个爆炸过程在触发以后时是稳定的。”前文出现过类似表述，疑为衍文。——译者注
[16] 62Ni + p = 63Cu + 5.6 MeV。对于产生1 kW功率，反应率必须达到1015 次/s或每天产生8 mg的铜。如果产生10 kW的功率，6个月后要产生15 g铜，这意味着在宣称的e-Cat有效寿命内镍粉显著地且以不可能的比例发生嬗变。
[17] 许温格（Julian Schwinger, 1918-1994）是1965年诺贝尔物理学奖得主，是冷聚变的坚决支持者和积极参与者。——译者注。
[18] 此处意思是表1中诸反应的中间产物T、4H、5H可作为过渡态，过渡态到最终态可视作衰变过程。——译者注。
相关热词搜索：低能核反应，冷聚变，LENR
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