低能核反应(LENR)的一种解释 — 张武寿译
2018-01-07 12:02:37 来源：冷聚变世界 评论：0 点击：
本文译自E Storms: “An Explanation of Low-energy Nuclear Reactions (Cold Fusion)”, J Condensed Matter Nucl Sci 9 (2012) 86–107。文章由中科院化学所研究员张武寿老师翻译，是一篇了解冷聚变不可多得的文章。感谢张武寿老师提供资料！
29: 571.
[31] Savvatimova, I.B. and A.B. Karabut, Radioactivity of palladium cathodes after irradiation in a glow discharge. Poverkhnost (Surface), 1996 (1): 76 (in Russian).
[32] Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Helium (4He, 3He) within deuterated Pd-black. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1997. 73: 1.
[33] Case, L.C. Catalytic fusion of deuterium into helium-4. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT. p. 48.
[34] Kidwell, D.A., et al. Yes, Virginia there is Heat, but It is Likely of Chemical Origin. in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA, Italy. pp. 100-109.
[35] Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang. Picnonuclear fusion generated in "lattice-reactor" of metallic deuterium lattice within metal atom-clusters. II Nuclear fusion reacted inside a metal by intense sonoimplantion effect. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press. p. 5.
[36] Arata, Y., Y.C. Zhang, and X.F. Wang. Production of Helium and Energy in the “Solid Fusion”. in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA, Italy. pp. 72-81.
[37] Yamaura, S., et al. Hydrogen absorption of nanoscale Pd particles embedded in ZrO2 matrix prepared from Zr–Pd amorphous alloys. in 14th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC: www.LENR.org. p. (查不到这篇文献，类似的有：Yamamaura S., Sasamori K., Kimura H., Zhang Y-C and Arata Y. Hydrogen absorption of nanoscale Pd nanoparticles embedded in ZrO2 matrix prepared from Zr-Pd amorphous alloys. Journal of Material Research, 2002; 17:1329-1334.——译者注)
[38] Takahashi, A., et al. Anomalous Heat Generation in Charging of Pd Powders with High Density Hydrogen Isotopes, (II) Discussions on Experimental Results and Underlying Physics. in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA, Italy. pp. 297-302.
[39] Iwamura, Y., et al., Detection of anomalous elements, X-ray and excess heat induced by continuous diffusion of deuterium through multi-layer cathode (Pd/CaO/Pd). Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(20): 56.
[40] Liu, B., et al. “Excess heat” in a gas-loaded D/Pd system with pumping inside palladium tube. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen/Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Catania, Sicily, Italy: The International Society for Condensed Matter Science. p. 204.
[41] Biberian, J.-P. and N. Armanet. Excess heat production during diffusion of deuterium through palladium tubes. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen/Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Catania, Sicily, Italy: The International Society for Condensed Matter Science. p. 19.
[42] Preparata, G. Fractofusion revisited. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, “AIP Conference Proceedings 228”. 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York. p. 840.
[43] Lipson, A.G., V.A. Kuznetsov, and B.V. Deryagin, Scenarios of ‘cold nuclear fusion’ by concentration of elastic energy in crystals. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR Fiz. Khim., 1991. 318(3): 636 (in Russian).
[44] Yasui, K., Fractofusion mechanism. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: 400.
[45] Jabon, V.D.D., G.V. Fedorovich, and N.V. Samsonenko, Catalytically induced d-d fusion in ferroelectrics. Braz. J. Phys., 1997. 27: 515.
[46] Czerski, K., et al., The 2H(d,p)3H reaction in metallic media at very low energies. Europhys. Lett., 2004. 68: 363.
[47] Kasagi, J. Screening potential for nuclear reactions in condensed matter. in 14th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC: www.LENR.org. pp. 318-325.
[48] Kitamura, A., et al. D(d,p)t reaction rate enhancement in a mixed layer of Au and Pd. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: World Scientific Publishing Co. p. 623.
[49] Hagelstein, P.I. and I. Chaudhary. Arguments for dideuterium near monovacancies in PdD. in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA, Italy. pp. 282-287.
[50] Flanagan, T.B., et al., The effect of lattice defects on hydrogen solubility in palladium, I. Experimentally observed solubility enhancements and thermodynamics of absorption. J. Less-Common Met., 1979. 49: 13.
[51] McKubre, M.C. and F. Tanzella. Using resistivity to measure H/Pd and D/Pd loading: Method and significance. in Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, ICCF-12. 2005. Yokohama, Japan: World Scientific. p. 392.
[52] Norlander, P., et al., Multiple deuterium occupancy of vacancies in Pd and related metals. Phys. Rev. B, 1989. 40: p. 1990.（最近结果可参：Hayward, E., B. Beeler & C. Deo, Multiple hydrogen trapping at monovacancies, Philosophical Magazine Letters, 2012. 92(5): 217-225.——译者注）
[53] Kozima, H. and S. Watanabe. Nuclear processes in trapped neutron catalyzed model for cold fusion. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France. p. 347.
[54] Fisher, J.C., Polyneutrons as agents for cold nuclear reactions. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: 511.
[55] Oriani, R.A., Anomalous heavy atomic masses produced by electrolysis. Fusion Technol., 1998. 34: 76.
[56] Widom, A. and L. Larsen, Ultra low momentum neutron catalyzed nuclear reactions on metallic hydride surfaces. Eur. Phys. J., 2006. C46: 107.
[57] Daddi, L., Proton-electron reactions as precursors of anomalous nuclear events. Fusion Technol., 2001. 39: 249.
[58] Chatterjee, L., Electrolysis in thin-.lm nickel coatings: mimicking supernova physics? Fusion Technol., 1998. 34: 147.
[59] Das, D. and M.K.S. Ray, Fusion in condensed matter -a likely scenario. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24:115.
[60] Moon, D., Review of a cold fusion theory: Mechanisms of a disobedient science. Infinite Energy, 1999. 5(28): 33.
[61] Phipps Jr., T.E., Neutron formation by electron penetration of the nucleus. Infinite Energy, 1999. 5(26): 58.
[62] Conte, E. and M. Pieralice, An experiment indicates the nuclear fusion of a proton and electron into a neutron. Infinite Energy, 1999. 4(23): 67.
[63] Mills, R.L. and W.R. Good, Fractional quantum energy levels of hydrogen. Fusion Technol., 1995. 28: 1697.
[64] Dufour, J., et al. The Hydrex concept-effect on heavy nuclei. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy. p. 431.
[65] Dufour, J.J., J.H. Foos, and X.J.C. Dufour, Formation and properties of hydrex and deutex. Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(20): 53.
[66] Liu, F.S., The phonon mechanism of the cold fusion. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 1996. 10: p. 1129.
[67] Hagelstein, P.L. Phonon-exchange models: Some new results. in 11th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2004. Marseilles, France: World Scientific Co. p. 743.
[68] Violante, V. and A. De Ninno. Quantum mechanical description of a lattice ion trap. in 6th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan. p. 221.
[69] Kalman, P. and T. Keszthelyi, Attractive d–d interaction via phonon exchange in deuterated Pd. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B, 2005. 240: 781-789.
[70] Kucherov, Y. Slow nuclear excitation model. in 6th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan. p. 502.
[71] Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb. Theoretical framework for anomalous heat and 4He in transition metal systems. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy. p. 385.
[72] Bazhutov, Y.N. Erzion discovery in cosmic rays and its possible great role in nature in framework of Erzion model of cold nuclear transmutation. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy. p. 269.
[73] Matsumoto, T., ‘Nattoh’ model for cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: 532.
[74] McKibben, J.L., Evidence for three primordially created particles and can one of them catalyze cold fusion? 1989.
[75] Rafelski, J., et al., Nuclear reactions catalyzed by a massive negatively charged particle. How Cold Fusion Can Be Catalyzed. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: 136.
[76] Shoulders, K., Projectiles from the dark side. Infinite Energy, 2006. 12(70): 39-40.
[77] Preparata, G. Theoretical ideas on cold fusion. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute. p. 91.
[78] Fleischmann, M., S. Pons, and G. Preparata, Possible theories of cold fusion. Nuovo Cimento, 1994.
[31] Savvatimova, I.B. and A.B. Karabut, Radioactivity of palladium cathodes after irradiation in a glow discharge. Poverkhnost (Surface), 1996 (1): 76 (in Russian).
[32] Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang, Helium (4He, 3He) within deuterated Pd-black. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, 1997. 73: 1.
[33] Case, L.C. Catalytic fusion of deuterium into helium-4. in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998. Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT. p. 48.
[34] Kidwell, D.A., et al. Yes, Virginia there is Heat, but It is Likely of Chemical Origin. in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA, Italy. pp. 100-109.
[35] Arata, Y. and Y.C. Zhang. Picnonuclear fusion generated in "lattice-reactor" of metallic deuterium lattice within metal atom-clusters. II Nuclear fusion reacted inside a metal by intense sonoimplantion effect. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua Univ. Press. p. 5.
[36] Arata, Y., Y.C. Zhang, and X.F. Wang. Production of Helium and Energy in the “Solid Fusion”. in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA, Italy. pp. 72-81.
[37] Yamaura, S., et al. Hydrogen absorption of nanoscale Pd particles embedded in ZrO2 matrix prepared from Zr–Pd amorphous alloys. in 14th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC: www.LENR.org. p. (查不到这篇文献，类似的有：Yamamaura S., Sasamori K., Kimura H., Zhang Y-C and Arata Y. Hydrogen absorption of nanoscale Pd nanoparticles embedded in ZrO2 matrix prepared from Zr-Pd amorphous alloys. Journal of Material Research, 2002; 17:1329-1334.——译者注)
[38] Takahashi, A., et al. Anomalous Heat Generation in Charging of Pd Powders with High Density Hydrogen Isotopes, (II) Discussions on Experimental Results and Underlying Physics. in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA, Italy. pp. 297-302.
[39] Iwamura, Y., et al., Detection of anomalous elements, X-ray and excess heat induced by continuous diffusion of deuterium through multi-layer cathode (Pd/CaO/Pd). Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(20): 56.
[40] Liu, B., et al. “Excess heat” in a gas-loaded D/Pd system with pumping inside palladium tube. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen/Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Catania, Sicily, Italy: The International Society for Condensed Matter Science. p. 204.
[41] Biberian, J.-P. and N. Armanet. Excess heat production during diffusion of deuterium through palladium tubes. in 8th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen/Deuterium Loaded Metals. 2007. Catania, Sicily, Italy: The International Society for Condensed Matter Science. p. 19.
[42] Preparata, G. Fractofusion revisited. in Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, “AIP Conference Proceedings 228”. 1990. Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT: American Institute of Physics, New York. p. 840.
[43] Lipson, A.G., V.A. Kuznetsov, and B.V. Deryagin, Scenarios of ‘cold nuclear fusion’ by concentration of elastic energy in crystals. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR Fiz. Khim., 1991. 318(3): 636 (in Russian).
[44] Yasui, K., Fractofusion mechanism. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: 400.
[45] Jabon, V.D.D., G.V. Fedorovich, and N.V. Samsonenko, Catalytically induced d-d fusion in ferroelectrics. Braz. J. Phys., 1997. 27: 515.
[46] Czerski, K., et al., The 2H(d,p)3H reaction in metallic media at very low energies. Europhys. Lett., 2004. 68: 363.
[47] Kasagi, J. Screening potential for nuclear reactions in condensed matter. in 14th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2008. Washington, DC: www.LENR.org. pp. 318-325.
[48] Kitamura, A., et al. D(d,p)t reaction rate enhancement in a mixed layer of Au and Pd. in Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2003. Cambridge, MA: World Scientific Publishing Co. p. 623.
[49] Hagelstein, P.I. and I. Chaudhary. Arguments for dideuterium near monovacancies in PdD. in 15th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2009. Rome, Italy: ENEA, Italy. pp. 282-287.
[50] Flanagan, T.B., et al., The effect of lattice defects on hydrogen solubility in palladium, I. Experimentally observed solubility enhancements and thermodynamics of absorption. J. Less-Common Met., 1979. 49: 13.
[51] McKubre, M.C. and F. Tanzella. Using resistivity to measure H/Pd and D/Pd loading: Method and significance. in Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, ICCF-12. 2005. Yokohama, Japan: World Scientific. p. 392.
[52] Norlander, P., et al., Multiple deuterium occupancy of vacancies in Pd and related metals. Phys. Rev. B, 1989. 40: p. 1990.（最近结果可参：Hayward, E., B. Beeler & C. Deo, Multiple hydrogen trapping at monovacancies, Philosophical Magazine Letters, 2012. 92(5): 217-225.——译者注）
[53] Kozima, H. and S. Watanabe. Nuclear processes in trapped neutron catalyzed model for cold fusion. in 5th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1995. Monte-Carlo, Monaco: IMRA Europe, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France. p. 347.
[54] Fisher, J.C., Polyneutrons as agents for cold nuclear reactions. Fusion Technol., 1992. 22: 511.
[55] Oriani, R.A., Anomalous heavy atomic masses produced by electrolysis. Fusion Technol., 1998. 34: 76.
[56] Widom, A. and L. Larsen, Ultra low momentum neutron catalyzed nuclear reactions on metallic hydride surfaces. Eur. Phys. J., 2006. C46: 107.
[57] Daddi, L., Proton-electron reactions as precursors of anomalous nuclear events. Fusion Technol., 2001. 39: 249.
[58] Chatterjee, L., Electrolysis in thin-.lm nickel coatings: mimicking supernova physics? Fusion Technol., 1998. 34: 147.
[59] Das, D. and M.K.S. Ray, Fusion in condensed matter -a likely scenario. Fusion Technol., 1993. 24:115.
[60] Moon, D., Review of a cold fusion theory: Mechanisms of a disobedient science. Infinite Energy, 1999. 5(28): 33.
[61] Phipps Jr., T.E., Neutron formation by electron penetration of the nucleus. Infinite Energy, 1999. 5(26): 58.
[62] Conte, E. and M. Pieralice, An experiment indicates the nuclear fusion of a proton and electron into a neutron. Infinite Energy, 1999. 4(23): 67.
[63] Mills, R.L. and W.R. Good, Fractional quantum energy levels of hydrogen. Fusion Technol., 1995. 28: 1697.
[64] Dufour, J., et al. The Hydrex concept-effect on heavy nuclei. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy. p. 431.
[65] Dufour, J.J., J.H. Foos, and X.J.C. Dufour, Formation and properties of hydrex and deutex. Infinite Energy, 1998. 4(20): 53.
[66] Liu, F.S., The phonon mechanism of the cold fusion. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 1996. 10: p. 1129.
[67] Hagelstein, P.L. Phonon-exchange models: Some new results. in 11th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2004. Marseilles, France: World Scientific Co. p. 743.
[68] Violante, V. and A. De Ninno. Quantum mechanical description of a lattice ion trap. in 6th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan. p. 221.
[69] Kalman, P. and T. Keszthelyi, Attractive d–d interaction via phonon exchange in deuterated Pd. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B, 2005. 240: 781-789.
[70] Kucherov, Y. Slow nuclear excitation model. in 6th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. 1996. Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan. p. 502.
[71] Chubb, S.R. and T.A. Chubb. Theoretical framework for anomalous heat and 4He in transition metal systems. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy. p. 385.
[72] Bazhutov, Y.N. Erzion discovery in cosmic rays and its possible great role in nature in framework of Erzion model of cold nuclear transmutation. in 8th International Conference on Cold Fusion. 2000. Lerici (La Spezia), Italy: Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy. p. 269.
[73] Matsumoto, T., ‘Nattoh’ model for cold fusion. Fusion Technol., 1989. 16: 532.
[74] McKibben, J.L., Evidence for three primordially created particles and can one of them catalyze cold fusion? 1989.
[75] Rafelski, J., et al., Nuclear reactions catalyzed by a massive negatively charged particle. How Cold Fusion Can Be Catalyzed. Fusion Technol., 1990. 18: 136.
[76] Shoulders, K., Projectiles from the dark side. Infinite Energy, 2006. 12(70): 39-40.
[77] Preparata, G. Theoretical ideas on cold fusion. in The First Annual Conference on Cold Fusion. 1990. University of Utah Research Park, Salt Lake City, Utah: National Cold Fusion Institute. p. 91.
[78] Fleischmann, M., S. Pons, and G. Preparata, Possible theories of cold fusion. Nuovo Cimento, 1994.
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